![]() ![]() When the electrons are excited, they jump to higher energy orbits and eventually drop back down to a more stable orbit by releasing excess energy by the form of light.The energy of the orbit is the energy required to ionize (remove) an electron and can be given through the following equation in relation to the order of orbit (n).Therefore, the orbital radii and energies are also quantized.The term “wave-particle duality” refers to matter acting as both waves and particles.Īll matters have their antimatter counterparts which resemble their corresponding matter in every way except for the sign of their charge and the direction of their spin.Where p is momentum, h is Planck’s constant, λ is wavelength, m is mass, and v is velocity. In particular, the momentum of a particle is related to its wavelength where the De Broglie wavelength may be deduced by the following formula The De Broglie hypothesis suggests that all matter exhibits wave-like properties.Which may be represented on graph by the following Since total energy = potential energy + kinetic energy, The work function corresponds to the potential energy which binds the electron to the nucleus. How does the frequency of the incident light affect the maximum kinetic energy of the ejected electrons?.Since E=hf, φ=hf0 where f0 is called the threshold frequency. This minimum energy level depends on the metal in use and is called the work function (φ). There exists a minimum energy below which electrons would not be ejected from the metal. Why is there a minimum frequency below which no electrons are ejected?.The number of photons per unit time in the incident light is proportional to the light intensity.Īn increase in the intensity of the incident light allows a higher number of photon-electron interactions. Why does the intensity of light affect the number of ejected electrons?.Incident electromagnetic waves with lower frequency have a smaller chance of inducing the photoelectric effect. An example of the photoelectric effect on a sample metal surface.Affects the maximum KE of ejected electrons There exists a minimum frequency (depending on the material) below which no electrons are ejected. Affects the number of electrons ejected. Photoelectric effect refers to the emission of electrons from a metal surface as a result of the absorption of electromagnetic wave energy.Where h is Planck’s constant, c is the speed of light, and λ is its wavelength (electromagnetic wave). A photon’s energy (E) is proportional to its frequency (f) and is given by.Photons exhibit wave properties under its emission or absorption.Photons exhibit wave properties under refraction or interference.A photon is a quantum of electromagnetic radiation (light). Quantum refers to the smallest discrete amount of something.Einstein proposed that light consists of particles called photons.12.1 – The interaction of matter with radiation
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